AXEC: New Foundations of Economics

November 4, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CDXXX)

“But charigng of interest is bad, right? And there is no economic reason for it. As Marx says 'it's usury!!!' :-D” (Inclamiente) Generally speaking, interest is justified in a monetary economy if the interest difference of the given stocks covers the wage and risk costs for administering the total active/passive portfolio of the central-bank/ banking-subsector. If it is higher, the banking subsector makes a profit; if it is lower, banks go bankrupt. Among private households, the interest rate above the banks' interest rate of equal risk/lack of securitization may be called usury. Marx had nothing to say about how the economy works because he did not understand profit — the pivotal concept of Capitalism. Manifest inconsistency is an advantage in religion/politics, but a lethal disadvantage in science. To expect scientific knowledge from Marx or his sorry followers is as good as to expect rain from the chief's rain dance.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 4, 2026

Occasional X: Clueless economists / Interest (II)

“So you literally have no economic explanation of how interest emerges :-D. Wtf is homo economicus? :-D” (Inclamiente) Economics has defined itself as a social science and accordingly has been based on subjective/behavioral assumptions/axioms. This is the methodological ur-mistake. The major approaches (Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism, and their derivatives) are mutually contradictory, axiomatically false, and materially/formally inconsistent. They all got profit wrong. When the subject's foundational concepts are inconsistent, the entire analytical superstructure is scientifically worthless. The methodologically correct approach is summarized in table AXEC240a ⇓. Microfoundations are methodologically false; therefore, the elementary production-consumption economy is given with three macroeconomic axioms in lines 1, 2, 3. Under the initial analytical conditions of market-clearing, i.e., X=O, and budget-balancing, i.e., Ec=Yw, this yields the price P in line 5. For a start, the price is the dependent variable here. This is a starting condition that is lifted later. In the initial state, the price is equal to unit wage costs W/R in line 5. The workers get the whole product O. The profit Qm for the business sector as a whole is zero. Now, the condition of budget balancing is lifted, i.e., nominal demand is not determined by income. The market-clearing price P is now co-determined in line 9 by the expenditure ratio ρE, i.e., ρE1<1 means saving of the household sector as a whole. Dissaving, i.e., ρE1>1, means that the household sector takes a credit from the Central Bank. The Central Bank stands here for the banking system. Dissaving also means that the business sector makes a profit in line 11 and accordingly has demand deposits at the Central Bank. From the difference between the interest on credit and the interest on deposits, the banking system pays its wages. The difference in the interest rates must be sufficient for the banking system to make at least zero profit. Not “the” interest rate, but the difference between the two interest rates is the key variable of the Theory of Money. If the household sector saves, the business sector makes a loss in line 11. Accordingly, the household sector gets interest on demand deposits and the business sector pays interest on overdrafts. This has been inter-sectoral macroeconomic saving, but there is also intra-sectoral individualistic saving/lending. In lines 15 and 16, there are two households. Household 2 dissaves, i.e., it increases its consumption expenditures Ec1 in the current period and wants to reduce its consumption expenditures in the next period and intends to pay the loan back in the next period. Obviously, it needs a household with complementary preferences. Household 1 saves in the current period (line 15) and intends to dissave in the next period, i.e., to increase its consumption expenditures with the loan payback. In both periods, total sectoral saving/dissaving is zero. In effect, it is a complementary intertemporal consumption transfer. Household 2 consumes more than its period income in the first period and less in the second period; household 1 consumes less than its period income in the first period and more in the second period. Saving and dissaving cancel out in both periods. In the accustomed language, household 2 has a high time preference and household 1 has a low time preference. It is usually assumed that household 2 pays interest to household 1. This is not necessarily the case. If only physical time transfer is possible, household 2 pays interest in the form of storage costs to get consumption goods from one period to the next. Analogously, it is logically possible that the saver pays interest to the lender depending on the relative urgency of the complementary time preferences. For this reason, interest cannot be justified in principle with individualistic high time preference. This is only half of the story. In the limiting case, with perfectly complementary time preferences (and no risks), the individualistic interest rate is zero. In real terms, household 1 gives stuff to household 2 in period 1 and gets it back in period 2 when he needs it. The temporal exchange is beneficial for both parties. Ultimately, interest is not justified individually, but because the banking system has to pay its wages and loan defaults from the difference between interest on loans and interest on deposits.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 4, 2026

Occasional X: Paradigm Shift (CXXX)

“Yes it doesnt matter, I dont need a particular homo economicus. individuals and firms in Marx's framework can believe what they want, act how they desire, but ultimately the market ensures that those not in line are banished to the shadowrealm of bankrupcy.” (Moulaga expropriator) Almost right. Economics is not about how people behave but how the economic system behaves. The economic system is given with the axiomatically correct macrofoundations AXEC121l ⇓. Human behavior is formally added to the objective/systemic axiom set with the Propensity Function. As Aristotle put it 2400 years ago: “When the premises are certain, true, and primary, and the conclusion formally follows from them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing.” (Aristotle, Analytica) The representative economist is methodologically more than 2000 years behind the curve — Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, and Austrianism don't matter.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 4, 2026

November 3, 2026

Occasional X: The futile attempt to recycle Austrianism (CXXXVI)

“Before Carl Menger published his Principles of Economics in 1871, mainstream economic thought was a muddle of half-truths, moral philosophy dressed as science, and a value theory so broken it could not explain why water costs less than diamonds. The classical school, anchored by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, gave the world the labor theory of value. Price, they believed, derived from the labor embedded in production.” (Handre) Adam Smith/David Ricardo were scientifically incompetent, and Menger was no better. The most obvious mistakes with his value theory are: (i) First of all, water and diamonds are different kinds of goods. Water is produced and consumed in one period; diamonds are forever. Menger confounded perishable consumption goods with non-financial assets, i.e., a physical store of value; i.e., he confounded non-durables and durables. Methodologically, this means getting the relationship between flows and stocks wrong. (ii) The marginal utility of one person does not matter much, because the market transforms a great number of diverse subjective valuations into one objective price for all. Menger fails to show how this transformation works. For the correct answer, see The Logical Interface Between Objective Macrofoundations and Subjective Valuations https://t.co/8NXaiPVsHv (iii) The question of value does not arise outside the economic system, where labor gets a wage, and the output is sold on the market. The Value Theory presupposes a monetary economy. The marginal utility of water for some freak guy in the desert is irrelevant to the market price of water. (iv) The subjective value has ultimately to be backed up by an objective amount of money. The subjective value of water may be high, but if the agent can maximally spend his income and if his income is very small, the thirsty person cannot buy enough water and leaves the market to die in some dark corner. The survivors understand that the market is not primarily an efficient information mechanism but a quasi-Darwinian selection mechanism that makes sure, with some unintelligible Invisible-Hand trick, that the rich person survives the poor person if scarcity becomes extreme. These four methodological mistakes are sufficient to make Menger's approach scientifically worthless and all Austrian propagandists unemployed. The methodologically correct approach is summarized in table AXEC233b ⇓. Microfoundations are methodologically false; therefore, the elementary production-consumption economy is given with three macroeconomic axioms in lines 1, 2, 3. The business sector is later differentiated in lines 15, 16, 17. Under the initial analytical conditions of market-clearing, i.e., X=O, and budget-balancing, i.e., Ec=Yw, this yields the price P in line 5. For a start, the price is the dependent variable here. This is a starting condition that is lifted later. In the initial state, the price is equal to unit wage costs W/R in line 5. The workers get the whole product O. The profit Qm for the business sector as a whole is zero. Now, the condition of budget balancing is lifted, i.e., nominal demand is not determined by income. Accordingly, the two market-clearing prices depend on the respective expenditure ratios ρE1, ρE2 and unit wage costs W1/R1, W2/R2 in lines 18, 19. The measurable expenditure ratio is a proxy for the consolidated multitude of unmeasurable individual subjective values. As a result, relative prices are given in line 20. For the special case of budget balancing, i.e., ρE1=1, ρE2=1, and equal wages W1, W2, in both production lines, the relative price is equal to the inverse productivities. It is not proportional to labor time input. This result can be projected back to the original Labour Theory of Value and amounts to a refutation. It reveals the scientific incompetence of Austrian economists from Menger onward.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 3, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CDXXIX)

“Really? :-D it doesn't matter what guides people to do things? The incentive and behavior under the incentives doesn't matter for your economics? :-D then what do you study, you don't study the economy - how people allocate resources. So what do you study?” (Inclamiente) You are behind the curve. The question has already been answered: “The subject matter of economics is not homo oeconomicus but the economic system. Because of this, economics has to be redefined. — Old definition, subjective-behavioral: “Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” (Lionel Robbins, 1935) — New definition, objective-structural: “Economics is the science which studies how the monetary economy works.” (AXEC) The original methodological blunder of Orthodoxy has been that it attempted to axiomatize human behavior. This is a fine example of what Feynman called cargo cult science, i.e., ‘The form is perfect. But it doesn't work.’ The correct approach consists of axiomatizing the objective structural relationships of the monetary economy.” For details, see Redefining economics (I) https://t.co/Ju2upUfGPg To finally become a science, economics needs a Paradigm Shift (AXEC121l. It's pretty obvious that low-IQ folks like Inclamiente will not survive this intellectually.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 3, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CDXXVIII)

“The beauty of Marx is that as long as the agents are not all lobotomized like you, what they believe, what guides their decisions, doesnt really matter. (Moulaga expropriator) Marx had no clue about what the foundational concept of economics —profit— is. That's self-defeating. The crucial point with Marx/ Socialism/ Communism/ Capitalism is whether Marx understood how the monetary economy works. This presupposes an understanding of the concept of profit. Because Marx was too stupid for elementary logic/algebra, his economics has been failed/fake science from the beginning. For proof, see the working paper Proﬁt for Marxists https://t.co/pslUNCu2Ef As far as his sociology is based on economics, it has no valid scientific foundations. Scientific competence cannot be replaced with politico-philosophical blather. However, for a low-IQ audience, Marx still delivers plausible psycho-social explanations.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 3, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CDXXVII)

“Oh really? Go ahead and answer my question then.” (Inclamiente) With the self-declaration as an economist, every economist has to answer the basic question of how the economy works. He has to answer it to the public, not specifically to any hopelessly deranged political agenda-pusher on the Internet. My answers are given on my blog, my working papers, and my book. Please help yourself.
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) November 3, 2026

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Knowledge only — no opinion

Science does not explain everything, but non-science explains nothing.

Neither orthodox nor heterodox economics satisfies the scientific criteria of material and formal consistency.

Economists cannot explain how the economy works. The Profit Theory is false since Adam Smith. There is much opinion and little knowledge.

Opinion is the realm of political economics, knowledge is the realm of theoretical economics.

Political economics is scientifically worthless.

Theoretical economics is built upon clearly stated premises, i.e., upon a set of axioms.

Orthodoxy got the axiomatic foundations wrong and Heterodoxy has none at all.

Economics is a failed science. Economists are incompetent scientists.

Profit

Neither Classicals, nor Walrasians, nor Marshallians, nor Marxians, nor Keynesians, nor Institutionialists, nor Monetary Economists, nor MMTers, nor Austrians, nor Sraffaians, nor Evolutionists, nor Game theorists, nor EconoPhysicists, nor RBCers, nor New Keynesians, nor New Classicals ever came to grips with profit. Hence, they all fail to capture the essence of the market economy.

Because of this, economists have nothing to offer in the way of a scientifically founded economic policy guidance.

The hybrid science

As a first approximation, one can agree on the general characteristic that the economy is a complex system.

However, with the term system one usually associates a structure with components that are non-human. In order to stress the obvious fact that humans are an essential component of the economic system the market economy should be characterized more precisely as a complex hybrid human/system entity.

The scientific method is straightforwardly applicable to the sys-component but not to the hum-component. While it is clear that the economy always has to be treated as an indivisible whole, for good methodological reasons the analysis has to start with the objective system-component.

In gestalt-psychological terms the economic system is the foreground, individual behavior the background. Common sense wrongly insists that the hum-component must always be in the foreground. This fallacy compares to geo-centrism. The economic system has its own logic which is different from the behavioral logic of humans. The systemic logic is what Adam Smith called the Invisible Hand.

There are systemic laws but no behavioral laws. Systemic laws have the same methodological status as physical laws.

Neither Orthodoxy nor Heterodoxy can tell what the systemic laws of the actual monetary economy are.

Whether the outcome of the human/system-interaction is good or bad is a politcal question that lies outside of theoretical economics. Theoretical economics explains how the actual economy works - no less, no more.

Narrative vs.Theory

Psychological, sociological or behavioral assumptionism cannot yield anything other than a gossip model of the world. Second-guessing the agents is not economic analysis.

Science deals exclusively with propositions that can in principle be decided by objective means. The rest is opinion, faith, phantasy, motive speculation, allegation, hallucination, myth, paranoia, ink-blot association, psychology, philosophy, in one word: storytelling.

Storytelling is the original mode of communication in the social realm — except science.

Political economics is storytelling and, by default, the natural habitat of confused confusers. Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism are social narratives and not scientifically valid representations of reality.

"The truth is, most persons, not excepting professional economists, are satisfied with very hazy notions." (Fisher)

In marked contrast, theoretical economics lives up to the standards of material and formal consistency. A scientific theory is the best mental representation of reality that is humanly possible.

Theory starts with a set of objective and consistent axioms.

Paradigm Shift

"The problem is not just to say that something might be wrong, but to replace it by something — and that is not so easy." (Feynman)

"As will become evident, there is more agreement on the defects of orthodox theory than there is on what theory is to replace it: but all agreed that the point of the criticism is to clear the ground for construction." (Nell)

"The moral of the story is simply this: it takes a new theory, and not just the destructive exposure of assumptions or the collection of new facts, to beat an old theory." (Blaug)

"Is it not a fact, which stares at us from the histories of all sciences, that it is much more difficult for the human mind to forge the most elementary conceptual schemes than it is to elaborate the most complicated superstructure when those elements are well in hand?" (Schumpeter)

"The task of producing knowledge against the grain requires imagination." (Mirowski)

"A new idea is extremely difficult to think of. It takes a fantastic imagination." (Feynman)

"The scientific imagination dreams of explanations and laws." (Peirce)

"It is brilliance of imagination which makes the glory of science." (Evans)

"... we know little more now about ‘how the economy works,’ ... than we knew in 1790, after Adam Smith completed the last revision of The Wealth of Nations." (Clower)

Selftest and to watch for

You apply one of these items

• supply-demand-equilibrium,

• general equilibrium,

• marginal utility,

• well-behaved production functions,

• total income = value of output,

• total income = wages + profits,

• I=S,

• wage rate down - employment up,

• behavioral axioms?

Then you are out of science because of unnoticed material or formal inconsistency.

Every economist who uses the concept of equilibrium is scientifically incompetent because she/he failed to notice that equilibrium is an economic nonentity.

Practically this means: as soon as the word equilibrium appears in an economic text it can be thrown into the waste basket. The same holds for all other nonentities.

The vast majority of economists deals mainly with nonentities. This is why Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism is scientifically worthless.

Since Adam Smith, economic policy guidance has no sound scientific foundations.

To be replaced (1)

The core premises of Orthodoxy are uncertain and false and this fully explains the failure of the research program.

“As with any Lakatosian research program, the neo-Walrasian program is characterized by its hard core, heuristics, and protective belts. Without asserting that the following characterization is definitive, I have argued that the program is organized around the following propositions: HC1 economic agents have preferences over outcomes; HC2 agents individually optimize subject to constraints; HC3 agent choice is manifest in interrelated markets; HC4 agents have full relevant knowledge; HC5 observable outcomes are coordinated, and must be discussed with reference to equilibrium states.” (Weintraub)

The inescapable Paradigm Shift consists of the move from this obsolete hard core to the superior set of structural axioms.

To be replaced (2)

The fundamental equations of macroeconomics have been formulated by Keynes in two lines.

"Income = value of output = consumption + investment. Saving = income - consumption. Therefore saving = investment."

This elementary syllogism is demonstrably false. The demonstration consists in the proof that Keynes could not solve the Profit Puzzle. Neither did Post-Neo-New-Keynesians.

In the most general terms, the economics Paradigm Shift consists in switching from the behavior-centric bottom-up approach to the structure-centric top-down approach. This is comparable to the Copernican turn from geo-centrism to helio-centrism.

Consensus

Economics is a science without scientists. Because they are ignorant of the elementary difference between profit and income, the present generation of economists has not made and cannot make a significant contribution to the discussion about how the actual economy works.

Every orthodox or heterodox economist can convince himself/herself that their profit theory is defective.

Every non-economist can — by applying elementary logic — convince himself that conventional profit theories are false. See 'How the intelligent non-economist can refute every economist hands down'.

Because the profit theory is false the whole of conventional economic theory has to be rejected.

"What is now taught as standard economic theory will eventually disappear, no trace of it will remain in the universities or boardrooms because it simply doesn’t work: were it engineering, the bridge would collapse." (McCauley)

No scientist will ever accept Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, or Austrianism. These approaches are logically and/or empirically refuted. This is the actual methodological state-of-art. Walrasians, Keynesians, Marxians, or Austrians are still at the proto-scientific stage. These approaches cannot be improved, only abandoned.

Economists are a public nuisance because they have an opinion on everything but knowledge of nothing.

About me

“Bottom line is that your profit law is just a definition you made up nobody else agrees with, nobody. You are all alone with your precious tautology.” Barkley Rosser

“In any event, your entire theory is based on you doing macro accounting in wacky fashion that nobody agrees with.” Brian Romanchuk

"Your stuff is at least original: it's quite cool after a couple of decades at this to see a fresh Economics. But real promises are not advanced: they were around for millennia until the Greeks obscured them with Metaphysics." Chris Cook

"No mate, they're you-blockers. You have all the personality traits of a crank, and the rest of them have tired of you. You could be 100% right, and you'd still die as your only follower." Steve Keen

"What you are doing fills is all with joy, your constructive critique is most welcome!"

Achim Truger,

German Council of Economic Experts,

in a failed attempt to be ironic

"200+ years of thought and yet you are the only one who gets it—or even understands your argument. Thank god we have you, pseudonymous Twitter user. Otherwise no one would know."

William Luther

Assistant Professor of Economics

in a failed attempt to be funny

"Egmonts profit law is the perfect equation that demonstrates this in action. Put the equation into a spreadsheet and then add government spending and watch how it flows into profits. Enter in some debt (-Sm) and watch too how that flows into profits. It can't go anywhere else."

Dean

About the rest of economics

Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism, MMT, Pluralism are mutually contradictory, axiomatically false, materially/ formally inconsistent. Economics is a failed science.

“There are three classes of people: those who see. Those who see when they are shown. Those who do not see.” Leonardo da Vinci

In economics, the overwhelming majority belongs to Class III. This explains why economics is after 200+ years still at the proto-scientific level.

The obvious task for every economist is to advance from cargo cult science and political agenda-pushing to science. This is absolutely beyond the means of Class III people.

For 200+ years now, economists are not scientists but agenda pushers, useful idiots, clowns in the political Circus Maximus.

Nopopop

This blog does not add to any popular/un- popular opinion.

This blog does not hand out advice about how to avoid taxes, to get rich on the stock market, to be successful in business, to increase the wealth of nations, to run an economy, to maximize welfare, to prevent national/global bankruptcy, to improve the institutional setup of society, to get out of national/global depression, nor about how to save humankind or any subgroup thereof.

This blog is about the true theory of the actual monetary economy.

"In order to tell the politicians and practitioners something about causes and best means, the economist needs the true theory or else he has not much more to offer than educated common sense or his personal opinion." (Stigum)

Focus

Science is of primary interest and importance. Scientists are of secondary interest.

With regard to science, most people lose focus easily because of a natural preference for anecdotes and gossip over facts or subjectivity over objectivity.

Hence, Schumpeter once considered it necessary to remind his habitually disoriented fellow economists: “Remember: occasionally, it may be an interesting question to ask why a man says what he says; but whatever the answer, it does not tell us anything about whether what he says is true or false.”

Science is about true/false and nothing else.

Disclaimer

Missing Blog-Reference links: AXEC does not guarantee that their comments can at any time be recovered from where they have been posted intitially because the availability depends on the publication policy of the blog owner which is implicitly accepted on entering a debate. See also: 'Economists: Incompetent? Stupid? Corrupt?'

Texts: Parts of arbitrary length of any of the author's texts is and will be used again by the author in papers, books, websites, blogs, and other media without explicit reference. The right to make corrections or minor textual improvements on reutilization is reserved. Therefore, it is always a good idea to double-check for the latest version.

Caution: Do not expect a corroboration of your political view. Neither a refutation. Political economics has been scientifically worthless since Adam Smith. Politics has to be separated from economics because it is categorically different from science. The best science can do and has always done is to prove beyond reasonable doubt that you have been objectively wrong or ignorant until now. Science goes beyond the naive common sense of today and becomes the sophisticated common sense of tomorrow.

See also Terms of Use and Legal at www.AXEC.org

Outlook

To recall, while political economics is storytelling, theoretical economics adheres to scientific standards.

The first task of theoretical economics is to get the axiomatic foundations right. This is what J. S. Mill called the opus magnum. Neither Orthodoxy nor Heterodoxy came up with a reasonable solution to this day. This explains the secular stagnation of economics.

There is no serious alternative to structural axiomatic economics. This is not a matter of opinion but of proof. The sole criteria are material and formal consistency.

All of economics has to be reconstructed from the ground up.

Major economic policy implication

The price mechanism does not work as standard economics hypothesizes. The axiom-based Employment Law states that overall employment increases if the average wage rate increases relative to average price and productivity. This gives one the lever to improve the employment situation all over the world and to fend off deflation without rising debt and without artificial capacity growth. To increase the average price relative to the average wage rate and productivity increases unemployment.

Right policy depends on true theory.

“In order to tell the politicians and practitioners something about causes and best means, the economist needs the true theory or else he has not much more to offer than educated common sense or his personal opinion.” (Stigum)

Lacking the true theory, economists promote for more than 200 years opinion instead of knowledge.