Working paper at SSRN
Abstract Jevons composed his value theory of nonentities. These creatures are elusive. Subsequent formal refinements did not eliminate the fundamental flaw but made it only harder to detect. A vacuous formal structure is one that cannot be interpreted in some domain. For want of any correspondence in the monetary economy, Jevons's approach could not produce viable results. Roughly speaking, Jevons made value dependent on subjective factors. This paper gives a rigorous formal proof that value is determined by objective conditions. Within the structural-axiomatic framework, there is no formal spare room for the major behavioral nonentities utility, optimization, rational expectations, and equilibrium.
For the complete set of foundational equations — structural axioms, definitions, and behavioral propensity function — see Wikimedia AXEC61.
This blog connects to the AXEC Project which applies a superior method of economic analysis. The following comments have been posted on selected blogs as catalysts for the ongoing Paradigm Shift. The comments are brought together here for information. The full debates are directly accessible via the Blog-References. Scrap the lot and start again―that is what a Paradigm Shift is all about. Time to make economics a science.
February 23, 2014
February 8, 2014
Mr. Keynes, Prof. Krugman, IS-LM, and the end of economics as we know it {53}
Working Paper at SSRN
Abstract Krugman has recently revitalized IS-LM with a number of succinct analytical pieces on his blog. The reverberations were remarkable. Economists, however, are known often not grasp the full content of their own and, a fortiori, of others' models. This happened to Keynes in the days of high theory and to Krugman these days. Keynes applied a defect formalism, which is here replaced by objective-structural axioms. This yields the correct relationship between retained profit, saving, and investment which in turn makes it clear after the event that the IS-part of the IS-LM construct had been logically defective ab initio.
Abstract Krugman has recently revitalized IS-LM with a number of succinct analytical pieces on his blog. The reverberations were remarkable. Economists, however, are known often not grasp the full content of their own and, a fortiori, of others' models. This happened to Keynes in the days of high theory and to Krugman these days. Keynes applied a defect formalism, which is here replaced by objective-structural axioms. This yields the correct relationship between retained profit, saving, and investment which in turn makes it clear after the event that the IS-part of the IS-LM construct had been logically defective ab initio.
February 3, 2014
Loanable funds vs endogenous money: Krugman is wrong, Keen is right {52}
Working paper at SSRN
Abstract In his recent article, Keen resumes the debate with Krugman about the effects of debt upon the economy. It is hard to see how the question can be settled as long as all participants apply their idiosyncratic models. Hence the issue boils down, as Krugman rightly put it, to the deeper question: “how should one do economics.” Sketched with a broad brush, the consensus is that Orthodoxy has failed and that Heterodoxy has no convincing alternative to offer. The conceptual consequence of the present paper is to restart from a firm common formal ground. This relocation makes the debate solvable.
Abstract In his recent article, Keen resumes the debate with Krugman about the effects of debt upon the economy. It is hard to see how the question can be settled as long as all participants apply their idiosyncratic models. Hence the issue boils down, as Krugman rightly put it, to the deeper question: “how should one do economics.” Sketched with a broad brush, the consensus is that Orthodoxy has failed and that Heterodoxy has no convincing alternative to offer. The conceptual consequence of the present paper is to restart from a firm common formal ground. This relocation makes the debate solvable.
February 2, 2014
Nominal and real distribution
Comment on 'Pareto-efficiency, Hayek’s marvel, and the invisible executor'
Blog-Reference
The crucial point is this. General equilibrium models are “real” in the sense that money and nominal magnitudes play no role. In a more critical vein it can be said that these models cannot deal with a monetary economy at all. Yet, as we all know, that is the economy we live in. Hence the “real” core of standard economics has, as a matter of principle, nothing to say about the real reality.
You correctly point out that the example I have taken from Cassidy is odd because the criterion of Pareto-efficiency applies in the strict sense exclusively to a “real” model.
This, however, is forgotten when it comes to the discussion about efficient markets and optimal allocation. For a monetary economy the efficiency results have never been proven. It is only by analogy that people think that, admittedly under idealized conditions, the price system works also in a monetary economy towards Pareto-efficiency. Cassidy's example is a case in point. But Cassidy is only echoing Hayek.
The really odd thing is that you have readily identified the weak spot but that Cassidy himself and the referees, proofreaders, consultants and whoever was involved in producing his qualitatively outstanding book overlooked it. It seems that Cassidy never got a critical comment from a neoclassical economist about the misrepresentation of the Pareto criterion.
My idea of resolving the problem is simply not to apply the Pareto criterion to the monetary economy. It was not designed for this environment and it is positively misleading in any discussion about the working of the price system. If you accept Pareto-efficiency as a benchmark then most real-world markets “fail”. Is a thunderstorm a “failure” of an otherwise optimal weather system? Definitively not. The Pareto criterion establishes an unacceptable frame of reference.
In sum: The marvel of the price system consists not so much in informational and allocative efficiency, which is not defined for the monetary economy with flexible nominal prices, but in smooth real redistribution.
Egmont Kakarot-Handtke
Blog-Reference
The crucial point is this. General equilibrium models are “real” in the sense that money and nominal magnitudes play no role. In a more critical vein it can be said that these models cannot deal with a monetary economy at all. Yet, as we all know, that is the economy we live in. Hence the “real” core of standard economics has, as a matter of principle, nothing to say about the real reality.
You correctly point out that the example I have taken from Cassidy is odd because the criterion of Pareto-efficiency applies in the strict sense exclusively to a “real” model.
This, however, is forgotten when it comes to the discussion about efficient markets and optimal allocation. For a monetary economy the efficiency results have never been proven. It is only by analogy that people think that, admittedly under idealized conditions, the price system works also in a monetary economy towards Pareto-efficiency. Cassidy's example is a case in point. But Cassidy is only echoing Hayek.
The really odd thing is that you have readily identified the weak spot but that Cassidy himself and the referees, proofreaders, consultants and whoever was involved in producing his qualitatively outstanding book overlooked it. It seems that Cassidy never got a critical comment from a neoclassical economist about the misrepresentation of the Pareto criterion.
My idea of resolving the problem is simply not to apply the Pareto criterion to the monetary economy. It was not designed for this environment and it is positively misleading in any discussion about the working of the price system. If you accept Pareto-efficiency as a benchmark then most real-world markets “fail”. Is a thunderstorm a “failure” of an otherwise optimal weather system? Definitively not. The Pareto criterion establishes an unacceptable frame of reference.
In sum: The marvel of the price system consists not so much in informational and allocative efficiency, which is not defined for the monetary economy with flexible nominal prices, but in smooth real redistribution.
Egmont Kakarot-Handtke
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