AXEC: New Foundations of Economics: Profit

Showing posts with label Profit. Show all posts

September 30, 2026

Occasional X: The futile attempt to recycle MMT (CCVIII)

“Government spending creates private-sector income.” (MMTAction)

It sounds innocent, but it's a shell game. First, there is no such thing as the 'private sector'; there is only the business sector and the household sector. To add them mechanically together lets (i) profit/… pic.twitter.com/TYb0altRI2
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 30, 2026

September 28, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CCCLXVII)

“Why is all of the sociology being done by economics professors and why are the economic science journals filled with sociology? ” (TakingHayekSeriously, quoted by Nikolai Rostov)

From the beginning, economists didn't get the difference between science/ politics and economics/…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 28, 2026

September 23, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CCCLXII)

“To command consumers by law, to force them to buy only in the national market, is to infringe on their freedom and to forbid them an activity, trade, that is in no way intrinsically immoral; in a word, it is to do them an injustice.” (Frédéric Bastiat, quoted by Foundation for…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 23, 2026

September 20, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXX)

“This is one of the greatest books in Economics of all time. Frank Knight was a genius, a man of immense tact and foresight, a duello with a golden gun, and so on. I shall summarise only his most famous chapter, the distinction between risk and uncertainty.” (Nikolai Rostov)… pic.twitter.com/wEUBMbrzGm
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 20, 2026

September 19, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXIX)

“Repeat with me, kids. If you want to learn real economics, you must repeat the sacred texts. Sing with me: Public sector deficit = private sector surplus.” (Nikolai Rostov)

False! Sing with me: public sector deficit = business sector profit.

The free-market economy runs on…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 19, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXVIII)

“What is the Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle and why is it important today?” (In Gold We Trust)

Austrianism has always been failed/fake science. It has been refuted and replaced by the following.

The foundational error of legacy economics consists of the fact that the… pic.twitter.com/aayOLdfJNk
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 19, 2026

September 14, 2026

Occasional X: Clueless economists / Profit (CLXVI)

“John Maynard Keynes watched the Great Depression and concluded that economies collapse because people hoard money instead of spending it, and that government must step in as the 'spender of last resort.' The story sounds compassionate, but the math is disastrous.” (Handre)

The… pic.twitter.com/X6DMoMWhbB
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 14, 2026

September 8, 2026

Occasional X: Clueless economists / Exploitation (I)

“A reminder that if unions aren’t raising productivity, they’re unable to significantly boost wages without resorting to tactics that shield their members from competition (from, for instance, foreign workers or automation) but impose costs on everyone else …” (Chris Freiman)… pic.twitter.com/EKnNypzyOl
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 8, 2026

For more about cross-over exploitation, see the AXECquery.

September 7, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXVII)

“In 2011 an economist who had watched Japan lose a decade sat down and said the West was walking into the same mistake, step by step.” (Mirren)

Economic policy has no valid scientific foundations. Psychological plausibility is not the same thing as scientific validity. However,…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 7, 2026

September 5, 2026

Occasional X: Clueless economists / Profit (CLXV)

“The first part of Kalecki's argument is essentially an accounting identity. Investment and capitalist consumption generate profits within the capitalist sector, while government deficits and trade surpluses can provide additional demand from outside it. This doesn't mean…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 5, 2026

For more on accounting identity, see AXECquery.

September 4, 2026

Occasional X: Clueless economists / Science (CCCLXXXVII)

“People often do not sufficiently understand G.D.P. To discuss it. So, as a public favour, I have summarised the three different ways to calculate G.D.P. and their respective categories in depth and unambiguity.” (Nikolai Rostow)

Nikolai Rostow does not understand profit. That's… pic.twitter.com/uFzERNZV8U
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 4, 2026

September 1, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXVI)

“US TREASURY JUST CONFESSED: THE DEBT CAN’T BE PAID. Scott Bessent just said the quiet part out loud: 'The only option left is to grow out of it.'” (Stern Drew)

First, that the public debt is ever paid back has always been a silly prejudice. The debt is eternal and yields…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2026

Occasional X: The foul spirit of political economics (CCCLX)

“Milton Friedman had a good answer to this, seventy years ago: the billiard player does not solve the differential equations for the trajectory of the ball, yet he plays as if he did, and using physics is the best way to predict his shots.” (Luis Garicano, quoted by Shahin…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2026

August 31, 2026

Occasional X: The futile attempt to recycle Austrianism (CXXVII)

“Possibly the greatest book ever written. Man, Economy and State ran to over 900 pages, and it remains the most rigorous deductive treatise in the history of economic science. Humans act. You want to understand price theory? Rothbard derives it from individual preference scales,… pic.twitter.com/7UzJs6QdzG
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 31, 2026

August 29, 2026

Occasional X: Clueless economists / Profit (CLXIII)

“One of the best books I've read recently on rent (rent). It historically debunks the dichotomy created by techno-feudal and rentier theorists.” (Ali Alemdar, referring to Matthew Costa)

Yes, David Ricardo asked the right question: “To determine the laws which regulate this… pic.twitter.com/LbFCY9zITI
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 29, 2026

August 28, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXV)

“We are witnessing a shock redistribution from the many to the rich: The profit share is at its highest level since WWII. The first bump was sellers’ inflation which ushered in Trump. The second bump is Trump’s chaos casino designed to push up profits.” (Isabella Weber, referring… pic.twitter.com/5zFy73X5Ps
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 28, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXIV)

“Pre-tax earnings in the US have hit the highest level since the aftermath of the second world war, while workers’ slice of the pie has sunk to historic lows, fuelling discontent and a widening political backlash.” (FT)

The monetary economy in general, and the US economy, in… pic.twitter.com/x7orWfq0Af
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 28, 2026

August 27, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXIII)

“Flows drive stock returns at the macro level. When the government spends it adds profits to the private sector, driving growth and supporting the overall price level.” (Douglas Padgett)

The monetary economy in general, and the US economy, in particular, thrives on growing… pic.twitter.com/TZB0etvu6c
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 27, 2026

August 26, 2026

Occasional X: The futile attempt to recycle Austrianism (CXXV)

“The charge that Austrians are 'anti-empirical, anti-math ideologues'? it's backwards. Mises and Rothbard mastered statistics and history—and Mises founded a business-cycle research center in Vienna that's still running today.” (Mises Media)

That's a straw man. The Austrians…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 26, 2026

Occasional X: How it works (DXII)

“U.S. Wages have plunged to just 43% of national income, the lowest level since the Great Depression.” (Barchard)

Economists in general, and Barchard in particular, do not know how macroeconomic profit is causally/ formally determined. This is self-disqualifying.

The Palgrave… pic.twitter.com/bGKr8SE6r4
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) August 26, 2026

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Knowledge only — no opinion

Science does not explain everything, but non-science explains nothing.

Neither orthodox nor heterodox economics satisfies the scientific criteria of material and formal consistency.

Economists cannot explain how the economy works. The Profit Theory is false since Adam Smith. There is much opinion and little knowledge.

Opinion is the realm of political economics, knowledge is the realm of theoretical economics.

Political economics is scientifically worthless.

Theoretical economics is built upon clearly stated premises, i.e., upon a set of axioms.

Orthodoxy got the axiomatic foundations wrong and Heterodoxy has none at all.

Economics is a failed science. Economists are incompetent scientists.

Profit

Neither Classicals, nor Walrasians, nor Marshallians, nor Marxians, nor Keynesians, nor Institutionialists, nor Monetary Economists, nor MMTers, nor Austrians, nor Sraffaians, nor Evolutionists, nor Game theorists, nor EconoPhysicists, nor RBCers, nor New Keynesians, nor New Classicals ever came to grips with profit. Hence, they all fail to capture the essence of the market economy.

Because of this, economists have nothing to offer in the way of a scientifically founded economic policy guidance.

The hybrid science

As a first approximation, one can agree on the general characteristic that the economy is a complex system.

However, with the term system one usually associates a structure with components that are non-human. In order to stress the obvious fact that humans are an essential component of the economic system the market economy should be characterized more precisely as a complex hybrid human/system entity.

The scientific method is straightforwardly applicable to the sys-component but not to the hum-component. While it is clear that the economy always has to be treated as an indivisible whole, for good methodological reasons the analysis has to start with the objective system-component.

In gestalt-psychological terms the economic system is the foreground, individual behavior the background. Common sense wrongly insists that the hum-component must always be in the foreground. This fallacy compares to geo-centrism. The economic system has its own logic which is different from the behavioral logic of humans. The systemic logic is what Adam Smith called the Invisible Hand.

There are systemic laws but no behavioral laws. Systemic laws have the same methodological status as physical laws.

Neither Orthodoxy nor Heterodoxy can tell what the systemic laws of the actual monetary economy are.

Whether the outcome of the human/system-interaction is good or bad is a politcal question that lies outside of theoretical economics. Theoretical economics explains how the actual economy works - no less, no more.

Narrative vs.Theory

Psychological, sociological or behavioral assumptionism cannot yield anything other than a gossip model of the world. Second-guessing the agents is not economic analysis.

Science deals exclusively with propositions that can in principle be decided by objective means. The rest is opinion, faith, phantasy, motive speculation, allegation, hallucination, myth, paranoia, ink-blot association, psychology, philosophy, in one word: storytelling.

Storytelling is the original mode of communication in the social realm — except science.

Political economics is storytelling and, by default, the natural habitat of confused confusers. Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism are social narratives and not scientifically valid representations of reality.

"The truth is, most persons, not excepting professional economists, are satisfied with very hazy notions." (Fisher)

In marked contrast, theoretical economics lives up to the standards of material and formal consistency. A scientific theory is the best mental representation of reality that is humanly possible.

Theory starts with a set of objective and consistent axioms.

Paradigm Shift

"The problem is not just to say that something might be wrong, but to replace it by something — and that is not so easy." (Feynman)

"As will become evident, there is more agreement on the defects of orthodox theory than there is on what theory is to replace it: but all agreed that the point of the criticism is to clear the ground for construction." (Nell)

"The moral of the story is simply this: it takes a new theory, and not just the destructive exposure of assumptions or the collection of new facts, to beat an old theory." (Blaug)

"Is it not a fact, which stares at us from the histories of all sciences, that it is much more difficult for the human mind to forge the most elementary conceptual schemes than it is to elaborate the most complicated superstructure when those elements are well in hand?" (Schumpeter)

"The task of producing knowledge against the grain requires imagination." (Mirowski)

"A new idea is extremely difficult to think of. It takes a fantastic imagination." (Feynman)

"The scientific imagination dreams of explanations and laws." (Peirce)

"It is brilliance of imagination which makes the glory of science." (Evans)

"... we know little more now about ‘how the economy works,’ ... than we knew in 1790, after Adam Smith completed the last revision of The Wealth of Nations." (Clower)

Selftest and to watch for

You apply one of these items

• supply-demand-equilibrium,

• general equilibrium,

• marginal utility,

• well-behaved production functions,

• total income = value of output,

• total income = wages + profits,

• I=S,

• wage rate down - employment up,

• behavioral axioms?

Then you are out of science because of unnoticed material or formal inconsistency.

Every economist who uses the concept of equilibrium is scientifically incompetent because she/he failed to notice that equilibrium is an economic nonentity.

Practically this means: as soon as the word equilibrium appears in an economic text it can be thrown into the waste basket. The same holds for all other nonentities.

The vast majority of economists deals mainly with nonentities. This is why Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism is scientifically worthless.

Since Adam Smith, economic policy guidance has no sound scientific foundations.

To be replaced (1)

The core premises of Orthodoxy are uncertain and false and this fully explains the failure of the research program.

“As with any Lakatosian research program, the neo-Walrasian program is characterized by its hard core, heuristics, and protective belts. Without asserting that the following characterization is definitive, I have argued that the program is organized around the following propositions: HC1 economic agents have preferences over outcomes; HC2 agents individually optimize subject to constraints; HC3 agent choice is manifest in interrelated markets; HC4 agents have full relevant knowledge; HC5 observable outcomes are coordinated, and must be discussed with reference to equilibrium states.” (Weintraub)

The inescapable Paradigm Shift consists of the move from this obsolete hard core to the superior set of structural axioms.

To be replaced (2)

The fundamental equations of macroeconomics have been formulated by Keynes in two lines.

"Income = value of output = consumption + investment. Saving = income - consumption. Therefore saving = investment."

This elementary syllogism is demonstrably false. The demonstration consists in the proof that Keynes could not solve the Profit Puzzle. Neither did Post-Neo-New-Keynesians.

In the most general terms, the economics Paradigm Shift consists in switching from the behavior-centric bottom-up approach to the structure-centric top-down approach. This is comparable to the Copernican turn from geo-centrism to helio-centrism.

Consensus

Economics is a science without scientists. Because they are ignorant of the elementary difference between profit and income, the present generation of economists has not made and cannot make a significant contribution to the discussion about how the actual economy works.

Every orthodox or heterodox economist can convince himself/herself that their profit theory is defective.

Every non-economist can — by applying elementary logic — convince himself that conventional profit theories are false. See 'How the intelligent non-economist can refute every economist hands down'.

Because the profit theory is false the whole of conventional economic theory has to be rejected.

"What is now taught as standard economic theory will eventually disappear, no trace of it will remain in the universities or boardrooms because it simply doesn’t work: were it engineering, the bridge would collapse." (McCauley)

No scientist will ever accept Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, or Austrianism. These approaches are logically and/or empirically refuted. This is the actual methodological state-of-art. Walrasians, Keynesians, Marxians, or Austrians are still at the proto-scientific stage. These approaches cannot be improved, only abandoned.

Economists are a public nuisance because they have an opinion on everything but knowledge of nothing.

About me

“Bottom line is that your profit law is just a definition you made up nobody else agrees with, nobody. You are all alone with your precious tautology.” Barkley Rosser

“In any event, your entire theory is based on you doing macro accounting in wacky fashion that nobody agrees with.” Brian Romanchuk

"Your stuff is at least original: it's quite cool after a couple of decades at this to see a fresh Economics. But real promises are not advanced: they were around for millennia until the Greeks obscured them with Metaphysics." Chris Cook

"No mate, they're you-blockers. You have all the personality traits of a crank, and the rest of them have tired of you. You could be 100% right, and you'd still die as your only follower." Steve Keen

"What you are doing fills is all with joy, your constructive critique is most welcome!"

Achim Truger,

German Council of Economic Experts,

in a failed attempt to be ironic

"200+ years of thought and yet you are the only one who gets it—or even understands your argument. Thank god we have you, pseudonymous Twitter user. Otherwise no one would know."

William Luther

Assistant Professor of Economics

in a failed attempt to be funny

"Egmonts profit law is the perfect equation that demonstrates this in action. Put the equation into a spreadsheet and then add government spending and watch how it flows into profits. Enter in some debt (-Sm) and watch too how that flows into profits. It can't go anywhere else."

Dean

About the rest of economics

Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism, MMT, Pluralism are mutually contradictory, axiomatically false, materially/ formally inconsistent. Economics is a failed science.

“There are three classes of people: those who see. Those who see when they are shown. Those who do not see.” Leonardo da Vinci

In economics, the overwhelming majority belongs to Class III. This explains why economics is after 200+ years still at the proto-scientific level.

The obvious task for every economist is to advance from cargo cult science and political agenda-pushing to science. This is absolutely beyond the means of Class III people.

For 200+ years now, economists are not scientists but agenda pushers, useful idiots, clowns in the political Circus Maximus.

Nopopop

This blog does not add to any popular/un- popular opinion.

This blog does not hand out advice about how to avoid taxes, to get rich on the stock market, to be successful in business, to increase the wealth of nations, to run an economy, to maximize welfare, to prevent national/global bankruptcy, to improve the institutional setup of society, to get out of national/global depression, nor about how to save humankind or any subgroup thereof.

This blog is about the true theory of the actual monetary economy.

"In order to tell the politicians and practitioners something about causes and best means, the economist needs the true theory or else he has not much more to offer than educated common sense or his personal opinion." (Stigum)

Focus

Science is of primary interest and importance. Scientists are of secondary interest.

With regard to science, most people lose focus easily because of a natural preference for anecdotes and gossip over facts or subjectivity over objectivity.

Hence, Schumpeter once considered it necessary to remind his habitually disoriented fellow economists: “Remember: occasionally, it may be an interesting question to ask why a man says what he says; but whatever the answer, it does not tell us anything about whether what he says is true or false.”

Science is about true/false and nothing else.

Disclaimer

Missing Blog-Reference links: AXEC does not guarantee that their comments can at any time be recovered from where they have been posted intitially because the availability depends on the publication policy of the blog owner which is implicitly accepted on entering a debate. See also: 'Economists: Incompetent? Stupid? Corrupt?'

Texts: Parts of arbitrary length of any of the author's texts is and will be used again by the author in papers, books, websites, blogs, and other media without explicit reference. The right to make corrections or minor textual improvements on reutilization is reserved. Therefore, it is always a good idea to double-check for the latest version.

Caution: Do not expect a corroboration of your political view. Neither a refutation. Political economics has been scientifically worthless since Adam Smith. Politics has to be separated from economics because it is categorically different from science. The best science can do and has always done is to prove beyond reasonable doubt that you have been objectively wrong or ignorant until now. Science goes beyond the naive common sense of today and becomes the sophisticated common sense of tomorrow.

See also Terms of Use and Legal at www.AXEC.org

Outlook

To recall, while political economics is storytelling, theoretical economics adheres to scientific standards.

The first task of theoretical economics is to get the axiomatic foundations right. This is what J. S. Mill called the opus magnum. Neither Orthodoxy nor Heterodoxy came up with a reasonable solution to this day. This explains the secular stagnation of economics.

There is no serious alternative to structural axiomatic economics. This is not a matter of opinion but of proof. The sole criteria are material and formal consistency.

All of economics has to be reconstructed from the ground up.

Major economic policy implication

The price mechanism does not work as standard economics hypothesizes. The axiom-based Employment Law states that overall employment increases if the average wage rate increases relative to average price and productivity. This gives one the lever to improve the employment situation all over the world and to fend off deflation without rising debt and without artificial capacity growth. To increase the average price relative to the average wage rate and productivity increases unemployment.

Right policy depends on true theory.

“In order to tell the politicians and practitioners something about causes and best means, the economist needs the true theory or else he has not much more to offer than educated common sense or his personal opinion.” (Stigum)

Lacking the true theory, economists promote for more than 200 years opinion instead of knowledge.