AXEC: New Foundations of Economics: September 2025

September 10, 2025

Occasional Xs: Econ 101― still proto-scientific garbage (XII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Another loud and clear negative sign about the state of learning and academic performance among U.S. youth.” (Melissa Kearney)

No problem, the kids can still become economics professors. ⇓

Reminder 1: For 200+ years, economics has claimed to be… pic.twitter.com/cS6oylueph
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 10, 2025

For details, see cross-references Econ 101/Old Curriculum/New Curriculum

September 9, 2025

Occasional Tweets: Gossip economics (V)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Economics is the study of the economy, not the study of economists.” (R. Reis)

For over 200 years, economics has claimed to be a science, but it still isn't. The major approaches (Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism, and their…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 9, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Money (XLVIII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

For the axiomatically correct monetary theory, go to SSRN:

The Dark-Matter Theory of Fiat Moneyhttps://t.co/A5k0pCTfrV
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 9, 2025

Also at Phil Waller.

September 8, 2025

Occasional Xs: How it works (CCCXCV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“The Gamechanger: Merz Plunges Germany Into A Debt Crisis.” (zerohedge)

Not quite. Following the USA, France, the UK, Italy, Japan, etc., Germany is now also participating in the unescapable endgame of free-market economies.

Reminder: The…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 8, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Science (CXCII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords like to reap where they never sowed.” (Adam Smith)

These kinds of platitudes are still regurgitated to demonstrate the genius of Adam Smith, the founding father of… pic.twitter.com/EFjPuaBBsa
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 8, 2025

September 7, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Science (CXCI)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“What is wealth? Different schools of economics give very different answers. e.g. National accounts vs households: For households, wealth = net worth. For the nation, gov deficits = private surpluses.” (Relearning Economics)

This is enough to show… pic.twitter.com/t4XjEzrugF
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 7, 2025

For more about profit, see AXECquery.

For more about methodology, see AXECquery.

Occasional Xs: The foul spirit of political economics (CXLVII)

#Economics #FailedFakeScience

“Ich habe ein Buch darüber geschrieben, was es für die (liberale) Demokratie bedeutet, wenn es immer weniger liberale Demokraten gibt.” “I have written a book about what it means for (liberal) democracy when there are fewer and fewer liberal… pic.twitter.com/cpEMIZ2q4E
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 7, 2025

September 6, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Breakdown (XV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Almost half of French new debt goes into pensions payments. Without higher retirement age and lower pension payments France heads into a debt crisis. The problem is, both far-left and far-right populists are for reduction, not increase of retirement…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 6, 2025

Occasional Xs: The futile attempt to recycle Hayek (XLV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“The morals of the market lead us to benefit others, not by our intending to do so, but by making us act in a manner which, nonetheless, will have just that effect.” (Friedrich Hayek)

Hayek never understood profit, so he had no idea how the monetary…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 6, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Money (XLVII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“The tax isn’t there to raise money, It’s to get people working, and producing things for the government.” (Stephanie Kelton quoted by Real Progressives)

The tax is there because WeThePeople have to pay the interest on goverment bonds that are held…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 6, 2025

Occasional Xs: The foul spirit of political economics (CXLVI)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow #FailedFakeScience

“I wish my other good friend @ProfSteveKeen was there, but we represented him well.” (Relearning Economics)

Yes, you represent the political mob that spreads stupid propaganda under the banner of economic science very well. The… pic.twitter.com/vuBdVQoTj4
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 6, 2025

September 5, 2025

Occasional Xs: How it works (CCCXCIV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“The great dialectic in our time is not, as anciently and by some still supposed, between capital and labor; it is between economic enterprise and the state.” (John Kenneth Galbraith)

Wrong. The great dialectic in our time is between WeTheOligarchy…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 5, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Money (XLVI)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Money is nothing more than a form of debt, which is to say a commitment to pay money at some time in the future. The whole system is therefore fundamentally circular and self-referential. There is nothing underneath, as it were, holding it up.”…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 5, 2025

Occasional Xs: The futile attempt to recycle MMT (CLXV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“This video explains why a £5 note is really a promise from the state, not something you or I created. If we stop believing in the myth of taxpayers’ money, we can start demanding real accountability for how government spends its own money.” (Richard…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 5, 2025

Occasional Xs: The futile attempt to recycle MMT (CLXIV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Gotta love those govt deficits and private sector surpluses...” (?whispers?)

Sure, except for the fact that government deficits are NOT “private sector surpluses” but business sector profits. Deficit-spending/money-creation is NOT for the benefit… pic.twitter.com/atnLOIhDUv
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 5, 2025

September 4, 2025

Occasional Xs: How it works (CCCXCIII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“What is different this time is higher debt/GDP ratios making debt servicing in higher rates environment difficult. … We are entering a new era.” (Michael Arouet)

There is an absolute limit to the growth of public debt. The higher the interest…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 4, 2025

September 2, 2025

Occasional Xs: The foul spirit of political economics (CXLV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Keynes vs MMT: which economic theory fits our world?” (Richard Murphy)

Neither Keynesianism nor MMT accurately reflects the world we live in. They both get macroeconomics, and consequently the theory of money, wrong.

Keynes was a failed/fake…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 2, 2025

Occasional Xs: The foul spirit of political economics (CXLIV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“We regret to inform you that economists are back, signing letters.” (zerohedge)

If you need proof that economics is a failed/fake science, look no further.

For over 200 years, economics has claimed to be a science, but it still isn't. The major… pic.twitter.com/RFkf5463N8
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 2, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Money (XLV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“We have an economy that allows the financial sector to earn profits without investment in productive capacities.” (Mariana Mazzucato)

As an economist, Mariana Mazzucato should understand what profit is and how the economic system functions.…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 2, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Breakdown (XIV)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“… France is toasted, but the model kept going by adding 25% to Debt/GDP ratio since then. We are getting closer to the point when the markets don’t absorb more French debt though.” (Michael Arouet)

There is not only “a time-bomb at the heart of…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 2, 2025

September 1, 2025

Occasional Xs: The futile attempt to recycle MMT (CLXIII)

#MMT #BadScienceBadPolicyBadPeople

“Money is never the limit” (Ashish Barua)

MMTers got macroeconomics wrong. This makes their monetary theory scientifically worthless—only good for political propaganda.

The free-market economy a.k.a. Capitalism runs on profit. Macroeconomic… pic.twitter.com/llURZ3nPq8
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Real Wage (III)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

According to the axiomatically correct macroeconomic Law of Supply and Demand, the real wage W/P in the elementary production-consumption economy ⇓ moves with the productivity R and declines with deficit-spending/money-creation i.e. ρE>1. The… pic.twitter.com/iJ4w76cO3A
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2025

Occasional Tweets: The futile attempt to recycle the production function (III)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

Vincent Geloso seems to be the last economist who has yet to realize that the Cobb-Douglas production function is a methodological blunder of the first order. This construct is not derived from real-world production conditions, but rather was plucked…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2025

Occasional Xs: The foul spirit of political economics (CXLIII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

'There is no more dangerous menace to civilization than a science that has been captured by incompetent, corrupt, or vile men. The worst frauds which mankind ever had to endure were inﬂicted by impostors abusing the prestige of science.' (a Mises…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Breakdown (XIII)

#Economics #AllYouNeedToKnow

“Steigende #Zinslasten engen den Spielraum ein: Immer mehr Steuereinnahmen gehen in den Schuldendienst, weniger bleiben für staatliche Aufgaben.”
“Rising interest burdens are limiting the scope for action: more and more tax revenue is being spent on…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2025

Occasional Xs: Clueless economists / Science (CXC)

#Economics #FailedFakeScience

“'Marginalism' is the essence of good economics.” (Deirdre Nansen McCloskey)

No. Actually, Marginalism is the epitome of scientific failure.

For 200+ years, economics has claimed to be science but never was. The major approaches (Walrasianism,…
— AXEC (@EgmontHandtke) September 1, 2025

Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

Knowledge only — no opinion

Science does not explain everything, but non-science explains nothing.

Neither orthodox nor heterodox economics satisfies the scientific criteria of material and formal consistency.

Economists cannot explain how the economy works. The Profit Theory is false since Adam Smith. There is much opinion and little knowledge.

Opinion is the realm of political economics, knowledge is the realm of theoretical economics.

Political economics is scientifically worthless.

Theoretical economics is built upon clearly stated premises, i.e., upon a set of axioms.

Orthodoxy got the axiomatic foundations wrong and Heterodoxy has none at all.

Economics is a failed science. Economists are incompetent scientists.

Profit

Neither Classicals, nor Walrasians, nor Marshallians, nor Marxians, nor Keynesians, nor Institutionialists, nor Monetary Economists, nor MMTers, nor Austrians, nor Sraffaians, nor Evolutionists, nor Game theorists, nor EconoPhysicists, nor RBCers, nor New Keynesians, nor New Classicals ever came to grips with profit. Hence, they all fail to capture the essence of the market economy.

Because of this, economists have nothing to offer in the way of a scientifically founded economic policy guidance.

The hybrid science

As a first approximation, one can agree on the general characteristic that the economy is a complex system.

However, with the term system one usually associates a structure with components that are non-human. In order to stress the obvious fact that humans are an essential component of the economic system the market economy should be characterized more precisely as a complex hybrid human/system entity.

The scientific method is straightforwardly applicable to the sys-component but not to the hum-component. While it is clear that the economy always has to be treated as an indivisible whole, for good methodological reasons the analysis has to start with the objective system-component.

In gestalt-psychological terms the economic system is the foreground, individual behavior the background. Common sense wrongly insists that the hum-component must always be in the foreground. This fallacy compares to geo-centrism. The economic system has its own logic which is different from the behavioral logic of humans. The systemic logic is what Adam Smith called the Invisible Hand.

There are systemic laws but no behavioral laws. Systemic laws have the same methodological status as physical laws.

Neither Orthodoxy nor Heterodoxy can tell what the systemic laws of the actual monetary economy are.

Whether the outcome of the human/system-interaction is good or bad is a politcal question that lies outside of theoretical economics. Theoretical economics explains how the actual economy works - no less, no more.

Narrative vs.Theory

Psychological, sociological or behavioral assumptionism cannot yield anything other than a gossip model of the world. Second-guessing the agents is not economic analysis.

Science deals exclusively with propositions that can in principle be decided by objective means. The rest is opinion, faith, phantasy, motive speculation, allegation, hallucination, myth, paranoia, ink-blot association, psychology, philosophy, in one word: storytelling.

Storytelling is the original mode of communication in the social realm — except science.

Political economics is storytelling and, by default, the natural habitat of confused confusers. Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism are social narratives and not scientifically valid representations of reality.

"The truth is, most persons, not excepting professional economists, are satisfied with very hazy notions." (Fisher)

In marked contrast, theoretical economics lives up to the standards of material and formal consistency. A scientific theory is the best mental representation of reality that is humanly possible.

Theory starts with a set of objective and consistent axioms.

Paradigm Shift

"The problem is not just to say that something might be wrong, but to replace it by something — and that is not so easy." (Feynman)

"As will become evident, there is more agreement on the defects of orthodox theory than there is on what theory is to replace it: but all agreed that the point of the criticism is to clear the ground for construction." (Nell)

"The moral of the story is simply this: it takes a new theory, and not just the destructive exposure of assumptions or the collection of new facts, to beat an old theory." (Blaug)

"Is it not a fact, which stares at us from the histories of all sciences, that it is much more difficult for the human mind to forge the most elementary conceptual schemes than it is to elaborate the most complicated superstructure when those elements are well in hand?" (Schumpeter)

"The task of producing knowledge against the grain requires imagination." (Mirowski)

"A new idea is extremely difficult to think of. It takes a fantastic imagination." (Feynman)

"The scientific imagination dreams of explanations and laws." (Peirce)

"It is brilliance of imagination which makes the glory of science." (Evans)

"... we know little more now about ‘how the economy works,’ ... than we knew in 1790, after Adam Smith completed the last revision of The Wealth of Nations." (Clower)

Selftest and to watch for

You apply one of these items

• supply-demand-equilibrium,

• general equilibrium,

• marginal utility,

• well-behaved production functions,

• total income = value of output,

• total income = wages + profits,

• I=S,

• wage rate down - employment up,

• behavioral axioms?

Then you are out of science because of unnoticed material or formal inconsistency.

Every economist who uses the concept of equilibrium is scientifically incompetent because she/he failed to notice that equilibrium is an economic nonentity.

Practically this means: as soon as the word equilibrium appears in an economic text it can be thrown into the waste basket. The same holds for all other nonentities.

The vast majority of economists deals mainly with nonentities. This is why Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism is scientifically worthless.

Since Adam Smith, economic policy guidance has no sound scientific foundations.

To be replaced (1)

The core premises of Orthodoxy are uncertain and false and this fully explains the failure of the research program.

“As with any Lakatosian research program, the neo-Walrasian program is characterized by its hard core, heuristics, and protective belts. Without asserting that the following characterization is definitive, I have argued that the program is organized around the following propositions: HC1 economic agents have preferences over outcomes; HC2 agents individually optimize subject to constraints; HC3 agent choice is manifest in interrelated markets; HC4 agents have full relevant knowledge; HC5 observable outcomes are coordinated, and must be discussed with reference to equilibrium states.” (Weintraub)

The inescapable Paradigm Shift consists of the move from this obsolete hard core to the superior set of structural axioms.

To be replaced (2)

The fundamental equations of macroeconomics have been formulated by Keynes in two lines.

"Income = value of output = consumption + investment. Saving = income - consumption. Therefore saving = investment."

This elementary syllogism is demonstrably false. The demonstration consists in the proof that Keynes could not solve the Profit Puzzle. Neither did Post-Neo-New-Keynesians.

In the most general terms, the economics Paradigm Shift consists in switching from the behavior-centric bottom-up approach to the structure-centric top-down approach. This is comparable to the Copernican turn from geo-centrism to helio-centrism.

Consensus

Economics is a science without scientists. Because they are ignorant of the elementary difference between profit and income, the present generation of economists has not made and cannot make a significant contribution to the discussion about how the actual economy works.

Every orthodox or heterodox economist can convince himself/herself that their profit theory is defective.

Every non-economist can — by applying elementary logic — convince himself that conventional profit theories are false. See 'How the intelligent non-economist can refute every economist hands down'.

Because the profit theory is false the whole of conventional economic theory has to be rejected.

"What is now taught as standard economic theory will eventually disappear, no trace of it will remain in the universities or boardrooms because it simply doesn’t work: were it engineering, the bridge would collapse." (McCauley)

No scientist will ever accept Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, or Austrianism. These approaches are logically and/or empirically refuted. This is the actual methodological state-of-art. Walrasians, Keynesians, Marxians, or Austrians are still at the proto-scientific stage. These approaches cannot be improved, only abandoned.

Economists are a public nuisance because they have an opinion on everything but knowledge of nothing.

About me

“Bottom line is that your profit law is just a definition you made up nobody else agrees with, nobody. You are all alone with your precious tautology.” Barkley Rosser

“In any event, your entire theory is based on you doing macro accounting in wacky fashion that nobody agrees with.” Brian Romanchuk

"Your stuff is at least original: it's quite cool after a couple of decades at this to see a fresh Economics. But real promises are not advanced: they were around for millennia until the Greeks obscured them with Metaphysics." Chris Cook

"No mate, they're you-blockers. You have all the personality traits of a crank, and the rest of them have tired of you. You could be 100% right, and you'd still die as your only follower." Steve Keen

"What you are doing fills is all with joy, your constructive critique is most welcome!"

Achim Truger,

German Council of Economic Experts,

in a failed attempt to be ironic

"200+ years of thought and yet you are the only one who gets it—or even understands your argument. Thank god we have you, pseudonymous Twitter user. Otherwise no one would know."

William Luther

Assistant Professor of Economics

in a failed attempt to be funny

"Egmonts profit law is the perfect equation that demonstrates this in action. Put the equation into a spreadsheet and then add government spending and watch how it flows into profits. Enter in some debt (-Sm) and watch too how that flows into profits. It can't go anywhere else."

Dean

About the rest of economics

Walrasianism, Keynesianism, Marxianism, Austrianism, MMT, Pluralism are mutually contradictory, axiomatically false, materially/ formally inconsistent. Economics is a failed science.

“There are three classes of people: those who see. Those who see when they are shown. Those who do not see.” Leonardo da Vinci

In economics, the overwhelming majority belongs to Class III. This explains why economics is after 200+ years still at the proto-scientific level.

The obvious task for every economist is to advance from cargo cult science and political agenda-pushing to science. This is absolutely beyond the means of Class III people.

For 200+ years now, economists are not scientists but agenda pushers, useful idiots, clowns in the political Circus Maximus.

Nopopop

This blog does not add to any popular/un- popular opinion.

This blog does not hand out advice about how to avoid taxes, to get rich on the stock market, to be successful in business, to increase the wealth of nations, to run an economy, to maximize welfare, to prevent national/global bankruptcy, to improve the institutional setup of society, to get out of national/global depression, nor about how to save humankind or any subgroup thereof.

This blog is about the true theory of the actual monetary economy.

"In order to tell the politicians and practitioners something about causes and best means, the economist needs the true theory or else he has not much more to offer than educated common sense or his personal opinion." (Stigum)

Focus

Science is of primary interest and importance. Scientists are of secondary interest.

With regard to science, most people lose focus easily because of a natural preference for anecdotes and gossip over facts or subjectivity over objectivity.

Hence, Schumpeter once considered it necessary to remind his habitually disoriented fellow economists: “Remember: occasionally, it may be an interesting question to ask why a man says what he says; but whatever the answer, it does not tell us anything about whether what he says is true or false.”

Science is about true/false and nothing else.

Disclaimer

Missing Blog-Reference links: AXEC does not guarantee that their comments can at any time be recovered from where they have been posted intitially because the availability depends on the publication policy of the blog owner which is implicitly accepted on entering a debate. See also: 'Economists: Incompetent? Stupid? Corrupt?'

Texts: Parts of arbitrary length of any of the author's texts is and will be used again by the author in papers, books, websites, blogs, and other media without explicit reference. The right to make corrections or minor textual improvements on reutilization is reserved. Therefore, it is always a good idea to double-check for the latest version.

Caution: Do not expect a corroboration of your political view. Neither a refutation. Political economics has been scientifically worthless since Adam Smith. Politics has to be separated from economics because it is categorically different from science. The best science can do and has always done is to prove beyond reasonable doubt that you have been objectively wrong or ignorant until now. Science goes beyond the naive common sense of today and becomes the sophisticated common sense of tomorrow.

See also Terms of Use and Legal at www.AXEC.org

Outlook

To recall, while political economics is storytelling, theoretical economics adheres to scientific standards.

The first task of theoretical economics is to get the axiomatic foundations right. This is what J. S. Mill called the opus magnum. Neither Orthodoxy nor Heterodoxy came up with a reasonable solution to this day. This explains the secular stagnation of economics.

There is no serious alternative to structural axiomatic economics. This is not a matter of opinion but of proof. The sole criteria are material and formal consistency.

All of economics has to be reconstructed from the ground up.

Major economic policy implication

The price mechanism does not work as standard economics hypothesizes. The axiom-based Employment Law states that overall employment increases if the average wage rate increases relative to average price and productivity. This gives one the lever to improve the employment situation all over the world and to fend off deflation without rising debt and without artificial capacity growth. To increase the average price relative to the average wage rate and productivity increases unemployment.

Right policy depends on true theory.

“In order to tell the politicians and practitioners something about causes and best means, the economist needs the true theory or else he has not much more to offer than educated common sense or his personal opinion.” (Stigum)

Lacking the true theory, economists promote for more than 200 years opinion instead of knowledge.